1001页:B001消防员的战术

发布时间:2019-05-27点击量:1759

图片:
These budget cuts are getting ridiculous.
预算削减越来越无厘头了。
罐头上的字:
I.C. 意指Incident Command现场指挥
Entry Team 意指内攻小组

正文:


Technology is one of the primary forces that shape our tactics.

科技进步是灭火战术更新的重要推手之一。

For example, using a trench cut to stop a rapidly spreading cockloft fire would not have been possible 30 years ago, before the development and proliferation of power saws.

30年前,在链锯的发展和大规模普及前,使用条状切割战术阻止火灾在阁楼迅速蔓延是不可能的事情。(trench cut,别名strip cut,防御性垂直排烟手段,详见本站前期内容屋顶通风排烟--精华都在这里了!)

Today, it is a readily available option for the initial attack effort in certain structures. The same is true of positive pressure ventilation, forcible entry using the new methods, water supply, and all the other new methods and technologies.

今时今日,在特定建筑火灾灭火行动的初始阶段,这种排烟战术非常普遍。包括正压通风,破拆进入,供水和所有其他新技术和新方法。

Firefighters have a great responsibility to keep abreast of new developments in the field, for their lives and the lives of others depend on their ability to recognize hazards and to take appropriate actions against them.

消防员有责任掌握领域内科技技术的发展情况,因为生命取决于消防员是否有能力识别危险情况并采取适当的行动应对。

Tactics routinely used in the past for certain fires have either been replaced or relegated to positions of lower importance due to advances in equipment and our understanding of fire behavior and building construction.

随着装备的革新,我们对火灾行为和建筑结构的进一步理解,过去某些重要的战术逐渐被取代或变得不那么重要。

The use of SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) and power saws has reduced the usefulness of cellar pipes, while the occurrence of several catastrophes will (ideally) prevent headlong attacks on well-involved truss-roof buildings.

空呼和链锯的普及使得地窖水枪(文末有介绍)的实用性大大降低,数次灾难性的事故使我们面对已经充分发展的大跨度轻质结构建筑火灾时(但愿)不再莽撞内攻。

(When I first wrote that sentence in 1991, I thought that it might be true. Watching a videotape of an incident in 1995, however, proved to me that much of America’s fire service still does not know enough about these and other deadly buildings.)

(上面这句话写于1991年,我以为事实理应如此。然而,95年的一场火灾证明我们大部分消防队对此类危险仍不甚了了。)

Failure to adapt to these changes in tactics will lead to unnecessary loss of both life and property. To assist in changing these tactics, a new chapter has been added discussing lightweight construction.

如果灭火战术没有跟随这些新情况的出现同步更新,就将导致无谓的财产损失和人员伤亡。为此,我们加入一个新的章节,轻质结构建筑,以帮助理解灭火战术上的变化。

A number of excellent texts on firefighting have been published over the years, distilled from years of experience and building on the lessons that their authors had learned.

近年来,业内精英出版了大量汇集了他们多年宝贵经验教训的优秀专业书籍。

This book is an attempt to improve still further on those texts, reflecting on what experience has taught us of those new ideas from 10, 20, or 30 years ago. In addition, it will introduce firefighters to new problems that they are only now encountering.

本书希望能够做得更好,不仅有对10年、20年、30年来经验教训的思考,也包含了当下最新遇到的问题。

This book is not intended to be a training manual to guide firefighters through physical tasks such as operating power saws and pumpers.

这不是一本关于链锯或是水泵的操作训练指导手册。

Excellent training programs are available from various sources, the contents of which could not possibly be condensed into even two or three volumes of this size.

优秀的训练课程俯拾皆是,内容远超本书所含。

Instead, this book offers basic goals for handling specific types of emergencies and practical tips on how to achieve those goals.

本书的内容涉及处置特定类型紧急事件的基本要求和达到这些要求的实用要点。

By necessity, many of the topics covered here are not new, nor are some of the solutions offered.

当然,大部分内容还是老一套的东西。

There is not anything new, after all, that can be added to a fire department’s basic goal: to protect life and property.

毕竟,对于消防队来说,保护生命和财产安全本就是个老生常谈的题目。

To try to attribute each concept or guideline to a specific author or fire department is, if not impossible, certainly improper, since most departments encountering a similar problem will work out a solution that fits within their guidelines of acceptable practice.

大家在长久的实践过程中总会发展出满足个性化需求的方法,让少数人或少数部门为全体制订符合各自特点的指导手册既不科学也不可能,毕竟个体之力是有限的(嗯……因吹斯挺,笔者)。

What is offered here is a guide for the firefighter and the fire officer who, having learned the basic mechanics of the trade, are now looking for specific methods for handling specific situations.

对消防行业的基本运行规则比较了解的战斗员和指挥员来说,这本书是你们更上一层楼的指南。

Although many texts will specify an action, such as “cut an 8-ft by 8-ft vent hole over the fire,” few give any guidance on the practical problems involved.

本书很多内容只会告诉你该干什么,比如“在着火区域正上方切割一个长宽各8英尺的排烟孔”,但不会涉及过程中需要注意的细节问题。

I hope that, through my descriptions of these problems and suggestions of possible solutions, you will select the best alternatives when you encounter these kinds of situations. That is the only real value of such a text—to provide guidance to firefighters faced with a problem.

我希望,通过我对问题的描述和对备选方案的建议,你在遇到类似情况的时候就可以选择符合实际的最佳方案。这才是本书价值的体现—为消防员提供解决问题之道。

This book has two parts. Part I, “General Firefighting Tactics,” should be the basis of any department’s operations. It is broken down into three main areas:

本书包含两部分内容,第一部分“常规灭火战术”涉及基础灭火作业,主要由三块内容组成:

(1) general activities, goals, tasks, and size-up processes; (2) attack functions, methods, and duties (engine company operations); and (3) support functions, methods, and duties (ladder company operations).

(1)常规行动、目标、任务和现场评估过程;

(2)灭火进攻的作用、方法和职责(水罐车组作业);

(3)支援作战的作用、方法和职责(云梯车组作业)。

Part I establishes the ground rules for most of structural firefighting, and you should apply the concepts as part of your standard operating procedures.

这部分内容是大部分建筑火灾灭火行动的基本原则,标准作业程序的重要组成部分。

You should not attempt to solve every problem with the same preprogrammed solution.

一把锁不可能用来开所有的门。

The concepts discussed in Part I offer a variety of alternatives that could be adapted to the situation at hand, normally in succession—if Plan A fails, go to Plan B, and so on.

本书第一部分相当于一个守门人的钥匙板,当一把钥匙开不了门的时候,可以迅速换另一把钥匙,不行的话再换,以此类推。

关于cellar pipe:这是一种具有百年历史的射水工具,从它的名字就可以知道,最初开发意图是为了扑救地窖火灾,在百年前还没有实用型空呼可用,消防员深入地窖内部灭火无异于自杀。

部分消防队在阁楼火灾扑救过程中也使用了这种工具并收获了较好的灭火效果,之后逐步演化成阁楼和地窖火灾专用射水工具。

来源:52号消防站
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