双语：起重机安全操作-中国救援装备网

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 范围和综述

1.1 SCOPE – This Standard specifies the general requirements for cranes, hoists and winches.

范围 - 本标准规定了吊车、绞车和卷扬机的总体要求。

NOTE: Where this Standard uses the word ‘crane’ it shall be taken to mean ‘hoist’ or ‘winch’ as

applicable.

注：本标准中所使用的“吊车”这个词也适用于绞车和卷扬机。

1.2 DEFINITIONS – For the purpose of this safety practice.

定义 - 仅适用于本安全规定

1.2.1 Competent person – a person who by reasons of qualifications and experience has the

knowledge and skill necessary to perform the duties with respect to which the expression is

used. All of these people will possess the required certification of special trade as issued by

local authority.

合格的人员 - 一个有资质和经验，对执行所描述的工作有知识和技能的人。所有的这些人员具

有地方当局颁发的特殊工种操作证。

1.2.2 Management – persons responsible for the direction of all activities associated with the

operation of a crane.

管理人员 – 负责指挥与吊车操作有关的所有作业活动的人员

1.2.3 Management’s instructions – shall include the manufacturer’s latest instructions,

recommendations and specifications. Where any of these instructions, recommendations

and specifications is not available from the manufacturer, they shall be drawn-up by a

competent person.

管理指令 - 应包括制造商最新的说明书、建议和规范。没有制造商的说明书、建议和规范时，

要由有资格的人员制订这些相关文件。

1.2.4 Shall – indicates that a statement is mandatory.

必须 – 表示一个陈述是强制执行的。

1.2.5 Should – indicates a recommendation.

应该 - 是指一个建议。

2 PLANNING 方案编制

MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED – At appropriate stages during planning, the following matters

shall be considered, where applicable:

需要考虑的事宜 - 在制订施工方案时要考虑下列事宜：

(a) Establishment of a management plan 建立管理计划

(b) Selection of cranes (see Section 3) 选择吊车（见第 3 节）

(d) Requirements of regulatory authorities 法规当局的要求

(e) Site access and crane sitting 现场进入和吊车站位

(f) Protection and safety of public 公众的保护和安全

(g) Proximity of power lines and other services 电源线和其它设施附近

(h) Procedures for the setting up and dismantling of the crane and the method of lift

吊车安装和拆除程序和吊装方法

(i) Make up of the crane crew, which may include –

吊车班组人员的组成，可以包括 –

- Erection crew; 安装人员

- Crane operator; 吊车操作员

- Signaler 指挥员

- Lifting supervisor; 吊装监督员

- Riggers; 起重工

- Power line observers; 电源线观察员

- Persons under training or instruction. 受过培训或教育的人员

(j) Communication system 沟通/通讯方法

(k) Weather conditions 气候条件

(l) Ground conditions 地面条件

(m) Proximity of excavations 挖掘体附近

(n) Selection of lifting gear 吊具选择

(o) Personal safety equipment 个人安全设备

(p) Emergency procedures 应急程序

(q) Inspection, maintenance, and repair 检查、维护和维修

(r) Lightning protection 闪电保护

(s) The documentation of work procedures are available where the lifting operation is not of a

routine type, e.g. multiple crane lifting.

非常规吊装作业时要有工作程序文件，如多台吊机吊装

(t) Consultation and coordination with other groups working in the area

与该区域内其他作业班组进行磋商和协调

(u) Night operations 夜间作业

Every day, prior to lifting or when the crane is moved to a new location, the contractor must

thoroughly complete the “crane lifting evaluation checklist”（see attachment C）and the lifting

supervisor/specialist, operator, rigger and responsible signalman shall sign their name on the

checklist. All personnel involved the lifting operation shall be called together in order to be familiar

with the contents on the checklist and lifting requirement.

每天吊装前或起重机转移到一个新的作业地点，承包商必须填写“起重机吊装评估检查表”（见附件 C）

并且吊装主管/吊装专家、起重机驾驶员、起重工和负责的起重指挥要在检查单上署名。召集与吊装作

业有关的所有人员使他们熟知检查单上的内容和吊装要求。

3 SELECTION OF CRANES 起重机的选择

GENERAL – Before selecting a crane for a particular operation, the following information shall be

ascertained:

综述 - 在为特定作业选择吊车前，必须确定下列信息：

(a) The mass of the load to be lifted

起吊负荷的重量

(b) The nature of the load to be lifted

起吊负荷的自然状态

操作速度和频率

(d) The maximum load that will be imposed on the crane

将施加在吊机上的最大负荷

(e) The nature of the rigging or slinging to be used

所使用吊具或索具的种类

(f) The position from which the load is to be lifted

起吊负荷吊起的位置

(g) The position to which the load is to be placed

负荷放下的位置

(h) The movement limitations of the crane and the load

吊车和负荷的移动限制

(i) Other limitations of the crane

对吊车的其它限制

(j) Where multiple crane lifting is involved –

使用多个吊车起吊时- –

- How the load is to be proportioned;

负荷如何被分摊

- How the load proportioning is to be maintained;

如何维持分摊的负荷

- Whether the cranes have the appropriate additional capacity over the proportioned load to

be lifted; a

如果超过了分摊负荷，吊车是否有合适的额外的起吊能力

- The operating characteristics of the crane e.g. speed of hoisting.

吊车的操作特性，例如卷扬速度

(k) The environmental factors 环境因数

The danger of instability due to loss of inflation of a tyre should be considered. For example,

foam-filled tyres should be used for rough terrain.

要考虑轮胎漏气所造成的不稳定性危险。例如，粗糙地形应使用实心轮胎。

4 PLACEMENT/LOCATION 站位

4.1 GENERAL – Where applicable, particular attention shall be give to the following factors:

综述 - 在适用时，必须特别注意以下因数：

(a) Crane standing (see Clause 4.2)

吊车站立（见 4.2 条）

(b) Proximity hazards and visibility (see Clause 4.3). 附近危害物和能见度（见 4.3 条）

环境因数，例如，噪音和有害烟雾（见 4.4 条）

(d) Clearances (see Clause 4.5)

安全距离（见 4.5 条）

4.2 CRANE STANDING 吊车稳定支撑

4.2.1 General – The analysis of the forces imposed by a crane on the crane standing is a vitally

important factor. The crane standing shall conform to the crane manufacture’s recommendations

and shall be of sufficient strength to withstand both the in-service conditions and the

out-of-service conditions.

综述 - 吊车施加在吊车支撑上的受力分析是至关重要的因数。吊车支撑必须与吊车制造商的建议相

符合，并且必须有足够的强度支撑工作状态和非工作状态下的条件。

Where a crane is to be supported on, or tied to, a permanent or temporary structure, the design

of the structure shall be checked to confirm that it is capable of withstanding the forces likely to

be imposed by the crane. In the assessment of the surface-bearing capacity, seasonal variations

shall be considered.

吊车支撑在或枕在永久或临时结构上的地方,必须检查该结构设计，确认它能够承受可能由吊车施加

的作用力。在评估表面承载能力时，必须考虑季节变化因数。

NOTE: Guidance on outrigger safe-bearing capacity on soils should be provided by the

competent person.

注：由有资格的人员提供土壤对支腿安全承载能力的指示。

4.2.2 Wind force – The wind forces on cranes may have a considerable influence on the stability and

strength requirements of the supports and foundations. Therefore, care is necessary in the

installation of holding-down devices, rail clamps, temporary connections and anchorage’s. Where

there is a likelihood of the maximum wind speed specified by the manufacturer being exceeded,

the management’s operating instructions shall include positive directions to ensure that the crane

is stowed in a safe position, and not operated during the period when the wind speed exceeds

the manufacturer’s specifications.

风力 –吊车上的风载荷对支腿和基础的稳定性和强度要求有很大的影响。因此，在安装抑制装置、

道轨夹、临时连接和锚固时必须注意这点。在风力可能会超过制造商规定的最大速度时，管理操作

指示必须指明吊车确切的方向以保证吊车被置于一个安全的位置，在风速超过制造商规定期间不要

操作吊车。

4.2.3 In-service conditions – During in-service conditions, the loads imposed on the crane standing

are usually due to the combined effects of the following:

在工作状态下 - 在作业期间，作用在吊车支撑上的负荷通常是受下列综合因数的影响：

(a) Mass of the crane including the counterweight

包括配重的吊车重量

(b) Mass of the load and attachments 负荷和附件的重量

操作期间由于吊车和负荷移动所造成的动态作用力

(d) Wind forces, resulting from operation in wind speed up to the maximum permitted for

in-service conditions, acting in any direction on the crane and load.

风速达到作业时的最大许可值，从任何方向作用于吊车和载荷上的风载荷。

4.2.4 Out-of-service conditions – When the crane is in an out-of-service condition, the loads

expected to be imposed on the crane standing are usually due to the combined effects of the

following:

在非工作状态下 - 当吊车在非工作状态下时，作用在吊车支撑上的负荷通常是受下列综合因数的影

响：

(a) Mass of the crane including the counterweight

包括配重的吊车重量

(b) Wind forces, acting in any direction on the crane, due to the maximum wind speeds expected

on the particular site.

在特定现场预计的最大风速，从任何方向作用于吊车上的风载荷。

4.2.5 Underground services – Where a check reveals the existence of underground services,

adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure the stability of the crane and to prevent damage to

the underground services.

地下设施 - 当检查到有地下设施时，必须采取足够的预防措施，保证吊车的稳定性并防止损坏地下

设施。

4.2.6 Stability on crane standing – Where a crane is required to work in the vicinity of an excavation

or an embankment, particular cares and appropriate precautions shall be taken. The mass of the

crane and the load may affect the excavation or the embankment, and a slip may occur causing

the crane to tip.

吊车支撑的稳定性 - 吊车需要在挖掘体或堤坝附近工作时，要特别当心，并采取适当的预防措施。

吊车和负荷重量会影响挖掘体或堤坝以及因吊车倾倒而造成塌方。

4.2.7 Uphill/Downhill Travel – If cranes are to travel uphill or downhill, the following methods must be

adopted:

上坡/下坡行驶 - 如果吊车要上坡或下坡，要采取下列方法：

(a) Ensure the crane manufacturers specifications are strictly adhered to regarding gradients.

保证严格遵守制造商关于吊车倾斜度的规定。

(b) Lifting supervisor must be used and are to be on the uphill side of the crane and in full view

of the crane driver at all times.

吊装监督员应处于吊车的上坡侧，始终在吊车驾驶员的视线内。

在开始作业前，撤走工作半径内的所有人员。

4.3 PROXIMITY HAZARDS AND VISIBILITY

附近的危害物和能见度

4.3.1 Proximity hazards – Consideration shall be given to the presence of proximity hazards such as:

附近的危害物 - 要考虑附近是否存在危害物，诸如

(a) Overhead power lines;

高架电缆

(b) Nearby built structures or other cranes;

在建筑物或其它吊车附近

公共通道区域，包括道路、铁路、河流和飞机飞行线路

The recommended colors for maximum visibility are alternating bands of international orange and

white.

最大能见度的推荐颜色是国际上通用的橙白相间的条纹。

4.3.2 Visibility – The crane should be sited in such a way that the crane driver always has optimum

visibility.

能见度 - 吊车坐落的位置应该使吊车司机始终具有最好的能见度。

4.4 CLEARANCES – When setting up a crane, the clearance for persons between moving parts of

the crane and fixed structures or other natural or built objects shall be as follows:

安全距离 - 设置一台吊车时，吊车移动部件和固定钢结构或其它自然或建筑物和人员之间的距离必

须如下：

(a) Clear width ……………………….not less than 500 mm

净宽

不小于 500 毫米

(b) Vertical clearance ……………… not less than 2000 mm

垂直距离

不小于 2000 毫米

Where these clearances cannot be maintained, then suitable provisions shall be made to exclude

persons from any potential trapping spaces.

在不能满足这些安全距离的地方，必须制定合适的规定避免使人员处于可能的危险空间之中。

Clearance between two or more cranes working within a site, or sharing the same air space shall

be included in a procedure to ensure contact between parts of the cranes does not occur.

Agreement shall be reached on adjoining sites.

在同一个现场工作或使用相同空间的两个或两个以上吊车之间的安全距离必须在程序中规定，以保

证吊车部件之间不互相碰撞。必须与临近的现场进行协商。

5 PERSONNEL 人员

5.1

CRANE OPERATORS 吊车操作

5.1.1 Qualifications – The qualifications of crane operators shall confirm to the requirements of the

applicable regulatory authority.

资质 - 吊车操作员的资质必须符合国家有关管理机构的要求。

5.1.2 Authorization – Each crane operator shall be in possession of a certificate of competency where

applicable, and be authorized by a responsible representative of the crane user or hiring

contractor to operate the particular crane.

授权 - 每个吊车操作员必须有适用的资质证书，获得吊车使用方或雇佣承包商责任代表的授权以操

作该特定吊车。

5.1.3 Physical and mental fitness of crane operator – The crane operator shall not operate a crane

unless he or she is physically and mentally capable, medically fit, with particular regard to

eyesight, hearing and reflexes. In the event of a crane operator becoming unwell when in control

of a crane, the operator shall render the crane out-of-service and report the matter to the

supervisor. When the operator is in the control cabin of a crane and is too incapacitated to

descend safely from the crane, the operator should indicate his or her condition and wait in the

crane cabin for help to arrive.

吊车操作员体力和智力的健康 - 吊车操作员必须在体力和智力上合格，身体健康、尤其是视力、听

力和反应能力方面，否则不能操作吊车。万一吊车驾驶员在控制吊车时不舒服，操作员必须停止使

用吊车，并向主管报告此事。当操作员在驾驶舱内且无法从吊车上安全下来时，操作员应该说明其

状况并在驾驶舱内等待救援。

5.2

CRANE SIGNALER 吊车指挥员

5.2.1 Qualifications – The qualifications of the crane signaler shall comply with the requirements for

certification of the applicable regulatory authority.

资质 - 吊车指挥员的资质必须符合国家有关管理机构的要求。

5.2.2 Authorization – Each crane signaler shall be in possession of an appropriate certificate of

competency and be authorized by a responsible representative of the crane user or hiring

contractor to work with the particular crane.

授权 - 每个吊车指挥员必须拥有适用的资质证书，获得吊车使用方或雇佣承包商责任代表的授权以

操作该特定吊车。

5.2.3 Identification – The person directing the crane movement (crane signaler) should be readily

identifiable to the crane operator.

识别 - 指挥吊车移动的人员（吊车指挥员）应容易被吊车操作员识别。

6 ERECTION AND DISMANTLING 安装和拆卸

6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE COMPONENTS – Where necessary, components of cranes subject

to frequent erection and dismantling shall be clearly marked to prevent incorrect site assembly. Any

component with a mass greater than 250 kg should be marked with its mass.

吊车部件的标识 - 在必要时，根据安装和拆卸的频率，吊车部件必须清晰的加以标记以防现场组装错

误。任何重量大于 250 公斤的部件必须标识其重量。

The materials of construction of the major components and special fasteners involved in site

assembly shall be recorded. Where practicable, this information should be marked on the

components.

必须记录主要部件的施工材料和现场组装用专用紧固件，可行时要将这些信息应该标记在部件上。

6.2 INSTRUCTIONS (see Clause 7.1) – Management’s instructions shall be strictly followed. Any

departure from the specified procedures may impose excessive loading on structural and mechanical

parts. Adherence to the following is required:

指令（见 7.1 条） - 必须严格遵守管理指令。任何违反规定的程序可能会对结构和机械零件施加过度的

负荷。要求遵循下列规定：

(a) Management’s instruction book shall be available to the erection staff.

安装员工必须有管理指导书。

(b) The erection or dismantling operation shall be supervised by a competent person.

必须由有资格的人员监督安装或拆卸工作。

sequence, using the correct equipment and tools.

必须遵照规定的程序按正确的步骤进行部件组装，使用正确的设备和工具。

(d) Only parts and components meeting the manufacturer’s performance and strength requirements

shall be used.

只能使用满足制造商性能和强度要求的零件和部件。

(e) It is recommended that jib or boom jointing pins be assembled so that they can be removed by a

person standing on the outside of the jib or boom. Jibs and booms may collapse if incorrectly

assembled.

建议必须将起重臂或吊杆的连接销安装好，这样，它们就能由站在起重臂或吊杆外面的人员来拆除。

如果不正确组装，起重臂和吊杆会倒塌。

6.3 CORRECT FUNCTION OF SAFETY DEVICES – During erection and dismantling operations, it is

sometimes necessary to disconnect or bypass load moment systems, overload cutouts or motion

limit switches. Before the crane is put into service, the person supervising erection of the crane shall

ensure that all safety devices are functioning correctly.

安全装置的正确功能 - 在安装和拆卸作业期间，有时必须拆除连接或旁通载荷力矩系统、过载保险装

置或运动限位开关。吊车投入运行前，监督吊车安装的人员必须保证所有的安全装置功能正常。

7 OPERATION 操作

7.1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS – The employer’s operating instructions for each crane shall

incorporate the manufacturer’s latest recommendations and be clearly identified to the crane by

reference to the manufacturer’s serial number, or the owner’s plant number, or by a clear description,

which identifies the crane. Where the manufacturer’s operating instructions are not available, then

suitable operating instructions shall be compiled by a competent person. The operating instructions

manual shall be readily available to the operator.

操作指令 - 每个吊车雇佣方的操作指令必须包括制造商最新的建议，并参照制造商的系列号或业主的

装置编号或一个识别吊车的清晰描述来标识吊车。没有制造商操作指示时，则应该由有资质的人员编写

合适的操作指令。操作员应该有操作指导手册。

7.2 PRE-OPERATION CHECKS – Before commencing operations, the crane operator or other

authorized person shall carry out routine checks in accordance with the operating instructions which

shall be sufficient to ensure the safe operation of the crane.（See attachment B – Crane inspection

sheet）

预操作检查 - 在开始操作前，吊车操作员或其他经授权人员必须根据操作指示对吊车进行例行检查，

这些操作指令应足以保证吊车的安全操作。（见附件 B – 起重机检查单）

Before placing a crane in service, the crane operator shall review the logbook and be satisfied

about –

吊车投入使用前，吊车操作员必须审核记录本，并且要对下列情况感到满意 –

(a) The absence of all unauthorized personnel on the crane, e.g. maintenance personnel;

吊车上没有未经授权的人员，例如维修人员。

(b) The safe working condition of the crane;

吊车的安全工作条件

吊车每个动作的安全操作

(d) The satisfactory condition and inflation of tyres, where applicable

满意的条件和轮胎充气。

Where any adjustments or alterations are necessary to ensure the safe operation and functional

operation of the crane, these shall be carried out by authorized personnel.

任何必要的调整或变更都必须保证吊车的安全操作和功能正常，这些必须由经授权的人员执行。

7.3 COMMUNICATION OF IRREGULARITIES – When going off duty any operator shall communicate

and enter into the logbook all pertinent details of the crane’s performance, particularly any

irregularities concerning the operation of the crane and of all incidences concerning the safe

operation of the crane in any way whatsoever.

不正常情况的沟通 - 任何操作员离开岗位后，应该传达并在记录本上记录有关吊车性能的所有相关细

节、特别是涉及吊车操作的不正常状况以及与吊车安全操作相关的所有事件。

7.4 LEAVING THE CRANE UNATTENDED – A crane shall not be left unattended, even for short

periods, unless the following actions have been taken:

吊车处于无人照看的状态 - 吊车不能处于无人照看的状态，即使是一会儿，除非已经采取了下列措施：

(a) All loads have been removed from the hook.

吊钩上的负荷已经被除去。

(b) The hook shall be raised to a position where it is safely clear of other operations, or hooked back

or otherwise secured.

吊钩必须被提升到一定高度，不会影响其它操作的安全性，或者吊钩已被勾起，或者用其他的方法

固定。

在适用的情况下，切断电源。

(d) Appropriate motion brakes and locks have been applied to put the crane in a safe condition.

已经适当的刹车或锁定，使吊车处于安全条件。

(e) For longer periods and for out-of-service conditions, isolation shall be made more permanent by

taking both the actions noted above and the following actions:

对于长期处于非工作状态的吊车，在采取上述措施的基础上应考虑采取下列更持久的隔离措施：

- Cranes shall be positioned at their assigned parking stations and stowed in their specific

out-of-service configuration.

吊车应停放在指定的停车位置并处于非工作状态下。

- Power supply shall be locked off.

切断电源并上锁。

- Storm anchors shall be engaged where applicable.

在适用处，使用风暴锚定。

- Fuel supplies shall be turned off and the engine stopped where applicable.

在适用处，切断燃料供应并停运马达。

- All doors and windows giving access to machinery or control cabins shall be locked to prevent

unauthorized access.

锁住进入机械或控制室的所有门窗，防止未经授权的人员进入。

- Remote control equipment shall be isolated with locking key removed where applicable.

在适用处，隔离遥控设备，拔出锁定钥匙。

Means shall be provided and used to prevent unauthorized operation of the crane during the crane

operator’s absence. For details of methods to safeguard particular types of cranes, reference should

be made to the operating instructions.

吊车操作人员不在时，采取必要的措施防止未经授权的人员操作吊车。保护特殊类型吊车的详细方法，参见操作指南。

7.5 ABNORMAL NOISE OR MOVEMENT – When any abnormal noise or movement occurs during

crane operations, the crane shall be taken out-of-service, and the incident entered into the logbook

and reported to management.

异常噪音或运动 - 在吊车操作期间发生异常噪音或运动时，应使吊车处于非工作状态，在记录本上记

录该事件并向管理层报告。

7.6 HOUSEKEEPING – Each crane shall be kept as clean as is practicable. Loose objects shall not be

left on moving parts of the crane. Grease and oil spills, debris and other materials, which may cause

a hazard, shall be removed from the crane and associated walkways, stairways, platforms, ladders,

working areas and access areas.

文明施工 - 应尽可能保持吊车的整洁。松散的物体不能放在吊车运动部件上。可能导致危险的油脂和

洒落的油，杂物和其他材料必须从吊车和相关通道，楼梯，平台，梯子，工作区域和通行区域上清除

Hazardous substances, e.g. fuel, shall be stored safely.

危险物品，例如燃料，应安全的储存。

NOTE: There are regulations pertaining to the safe storage of hazardous substances.

注：这里是关于危险物品的安全储存规定。

Tools or other loose objects shall be stowed in receptacles specially provided for the purpose, or

otherwise securely stowed.

工具或其它松散物体应储存在专门的贮藏地，或储存在其它安全的地方。

7.7 ACCESS ONTO A CRANE – Access to a crane shall be by the means provided, such as the crane

operator access, the inspection access and the maintenance access.

进入到吊车 - 应该通过专门提供的通道进入吊车，如吊车操作员通道、检查通道和维修通道。

Access onto a crane shall be made only when the crane is stationary.

只有在吊车处于静止状态时才能上吊车。

Where the crane is under the control of a crane operator, the crane operator shall be notified before

any person gains access onto the crane.

吊车操作员正在控制吊车时，任何人进入吊车前必须告知吊车操作员。

7.8 PERSONS APPROACHING THE PROXIMITY OF A CRANE – No personnel shall be allowed to

approach a crane when it is operating or traveling as there is a danger that they may be struck by the

crane or load, or trapped between fixed and moving parts that they may be struck by the crane or

load, e.g. between the slewing superstructure and the non-rotating structure of the crane.

接近吊车附近的人员- 吊车正在操作或行驶时，人员不得靠近吊车，因为这样会有危险，他们可能会被

吊车或负载撞着，或可能被吊车或负荷撞倒而卡在吊车固定部件和移动部件之间，如吊车回转上层结构

和非旋转结构之间。

Barricades or guarding shall be provided where practicable.

可能时，要设置防护栏或保护装置。

7.9 CRANE OPERATION 吊车操作

7.9.1 Before Operating the Crane 操作吊车前：

a) Carefully check the weight of the load and operating radius.

仔细检查载荷重量和作业半径

b) Ensure the ground will carry the crane plus the load.

确保地面能承受吊机和载荷的重量

c) Look out for surface and overhead obstructions.

注意地面和空中的障碍物

d) Ensure the crane is correctly rigged for the load.

确保载荷正确地勾挂在吊车上

e) The outriggers are correctly installed and supported.

正确安装和支撑吊车支腿

f) The correct cam is fitted in the automatic safe load indicator.

在自动安全荷载指示器上安装合适的显示屏

g) The radius load indicator scale is correct.

半径负荷指示器的刻度应正确

h) The limit is set and operating correctly.

设置了限值并且正确操作

i) All loose equipment is stowed.

收拢所有松散的设备

j) Where applicable the tire pressures are correct.

必要时，检查轮胎气压是否合适

k) Observe the safe clearances when working adjacent to power lines.

在电缆附近进行操作时应注意安全间距

l) Never exceed the safe working load for any given radius as shown on the crane.

不得超过吊车上显示的在任何给定操作半径下的安全工作负荷。

m) A load near the safe working load should be halted after it has been raised a short distance

(usually 300~500mm) in order to check stability and jib deflection.

对于接近安全工作负荷的载荷，应提起一段高度后（通常为 300~500 毫米）暂停以检查其稳定性

和吊臂的挠度。

n) Never use the crane to move any load, however light, at a radius exceeding the maximum safe

radius.

无论载荷有多轻，在超过最大安全半径的情况下严禁用吊机移动任何载荷。

o) Never operate a crane with the automatic safe load indicator switched off, jammed or

inoperative.

不得在自动安全负荷指示器关闭、出错和失灵时操作吊机。

p) Always lower carefully and smoothly and at a speed, which will allow a stop to be made without

a jerk. When lowering a load, keep the gear engaged so that full control of the load is retained.

应尽量小心、平稳和匀速的下降载荷，停止时就不会出现急拉现象。在放低载荷时，使用传动装

置以维持载荷全程受控。

q) Exercise special care when slewing a load to avoid it swinging outwards as this will cause loss

of stability.

在摆动荷载时需要特别小心，防止其向外晃动而失去稳定。

r) Always watch carefully the load radius indicator when luffing out the jib under load. Failure to do

this may result in an overturn, or collapse of the jib.

在承载情况下，上下摆动吊臂时应时刻仔细查看载荷半径指示器。否则可能会导致吊臂倾覆。

s) Ground conditions must be inspected and the crane sited for adequate stability. Suitable steel

plates four pieces）to meet the total loading requirements. The minimum size of each steel plate

shall be 3 times than the original outrigger pads。

检查地面条件并使吊机能够稳定安置。使用合适的钢板（4 块）满足总负荷的需要。每块钢板的

最小尺寸是吊车自带支腿垫板边长大小的 3 倍。

7.9.2 When operating a crane, the crane operator shall

在操作一台吊车时，操作员必须

a) Not exceed the rated working load of the crane except for the express purpose of a test of the

crane under the supervision of a competent person;

不要超出吊车的额定工作负荷，除非在有资质的人员监督下，为了测试吊车而这样做。

b) Be familiar with the location and operation of the main isolating switch;

熟悉主隔离开关的位置和操作。

c) Be familiar with the location and operation of the fire-fighting equipment;

熟悉消防设备的位置和操作。

d) Avoid sudden stops, jerks or other movements which may cause the load to swing unduly;

避免突然停车、猛拉或其它可能造成负荷过度摆动的动作。

e) Not move the hook or load when the hook or load is out of sight except where directed to do so

by an authorized person such as a rigger, crane signaler;

当吊钩或负荷在视线之外的时不要移动吊钩或负荷，除非在授权人员的指示下才这么做，如起重

工、吊车指挥员。

f) Ensure that the hook or load is sufficiently raised to avoid collision with any object during

horizontal movement;

吊车水平移动期间，保证吊钩或负荷被提起到足够的高度，以避免与其它物体碰撞。

g) Not hoist off vertical

不要在不垂直的情况下起吊。

h) Avoid moving the load, lifting attachment or other object horizontally other than when the load is

freely suspended from the crane;

避免水平地移动负荷、起吊附件或其它物件，除非负荷自由的悬挂在吊车上。

i) When engaging the crane or part of the crane with end stops, do so with minimal impact;

当接合吊车或吊车的部件于终点挡板位置时，对它的冲击力要尽可能小。

j) Follow the signals or directions given by the authorized person unless a dangerous situation

would be crated by so doing in which case no movement shall be undertaken;

按照授权人员的信号或指定的方向行动，除非这样做会有危险，在这种情况下不得做任何动作。

k) When loads have to be handled in the vicinity of persons, do so with extreme care;

在人员附近装卸负荷时，要十分小心。

l) Avoid developing slack rope when landing a load,

放下负荷时，避免使绳索松垮。

m) Position bridge and gantry cranes at their normal parking position when out-of service

不用吊车时使桥式和龙门吊车位于它们正常的停车位置

n) No load is to be lifted over personnel.

When a crane is under pedestrian control (i.e. using pendant controls, radio controls or infrared

controls) the operator shall maintain a sufficiently close relationship with the load to ensure good

visibility and that safe handling takes place. A clear and defined pathway for the operation is critical.

When using radio controls, management should make provision for the security of the transmitter

when not in use.

当吊车处于步行控制状态时（使用悬挂控制板、无线电控制或红外线控制），操作员必须与负荷保持

足够近的距离，保证可以看见负荷并进行安全的装卸操作。畅通和规定的操作通道是很重要的。采用

无线电控制方式时，管理人员应采取预防措施保管好发射器（不用发射器时）。

7.9.3 Hoisting of loads – The crane shall not be required to handle any load greater than the safe

working load applicable to the configuration of crane and manner of loading or any load, which may

create an unsafe situation.

提升载荷 - 吊车不得吊运任何大于其安全工作负荷的负荷，适用于吊车的结构、装载方式或任何会造

成不安全状态载荷。

The crane shall not be used for any purpose other than direct hoisting and moving the load unless

it is specifically designed for that purpose.

吊车只能用于其设计规定的提升和移动负荷，而不能用于其它任何目的。

The crane operator shall raise the load a short distance and test the hoisting brake system before

continuing to raise the load in the following situation:

在下列情况下提起负荷时，吊车操作员必须短距离提起负荷并试验提升制动系统，

(a) For the first load of each working shift

每一个班次的第一次起吊

(b) For the first load of each working shift which is greater than 50 percent of the rate capacity or

the maximum line pull.

每个班次第一次起吊负荷大于额定负荷或者最大牵引力的 50%时。

7.9.4 Multiple hoist line operation – Where the load is suspended from more than one hoist line, the

load shall be handled in such a way that –

多个提升钢丝绳作业 - 当一个以上的提升钢丝绳吊起载荷时，必须以下列方式来搬运载荷 –

(a) The rated load for each line is not exceeded;

不超过每个吊绳的额定负荷；

(b) The sum of the load moments does not exceed the rated load moment for the crane;

负荷力矩总和不超过吊车的额定负荷力矩；和

负荷总和不超过吊车的额定负荷。

7.9.5 Balancing the load – Where it is difficult to estimate the position of the center of gravity of the load,

it is recommended that the load be hoisted just clear of the ground and stopped so that its balance

can be checked and lowered for adjustment.

负荷的平衡 - 在难以估计负荷重心位置时，建议先将负荷吊起，刚好离开地面并停下，以检查其平衡

情况，从而可再降下做调整。

7.9.6 Use of motion limits – The crane operator shall avoid unnecessary operation of motion limits

unless such usage is to a functional limit where a final limit is fitted.

移动限位的使用 - 吊车操作员必须避免不必要的移动限位操作，除非用作为一个功能性限位，此时最终限位已安装.

7.10 CONTROL OF LOAD – The crane signaler shall direct the crane operation from the time the crane

load is hoisted until it is placed in position. The crane signaler shall ensure that the crane load

clears all obstructions and, where necessary, shall guide the load by hand or by means of a

taglines (see Clause 7.11). Where the load has to be manually handled, care should be taken to

ensure signaler is not in a position of danger. This would generally mean that the load should be

pushed not pulled.

负荷的控制 - 吊车指挥员从负荷被吊起直到就位这段时间里指挥吊车操作。吊车指挥员必须保证吊车

负荷越过所有的物体，在必要时，用手或通过溜绳引导载荷（见 7.11 条）。当负荷必须手工装卸时，

要十分小心保证指挥员不处于危险的位置。这通常是指应该去推而不是去拉载荷。

Where a load is being controlled by more than one crane signaler, only one of them shall take

responsibility for the lift and issue instructions to the crane driver and to the other crane signaler.

当一个负荷由一个以上的指挥员控制时，他们中只有一个人将对吊装负责，并给吊车司机和其他指挥

员发出指令。

Before signaling the crane operator to raise a load, the cane signaler shall ensure that –

在指示吊车操作员提起负荷时，吊车指挥员必须保证 –

(a) The hoisting means is correctly applied to the load and to the crane hook;

正确的提升方法应用在负荷和吊钩上；

(b) No part of the load is loose;

负荷的任何部分不能松垮；

负荷没有受到限制，在起吊时不能缠绕任何物体；

(d) When hoisted, the load will not constitute a hazard to any personnel;

在起吊时，负荷不能对任何人员构成危害；

(e) The position where the load is to be placed is ready to receive the load.

负荷放置的位置已准备就绪。

7.11 TAG LINES – When used, tag lines shall be of non-conductive material. Tag lines shall be

maintained clean and dry and shall be fully assessed for deterioration of strength before use.

溜绳- 使用的溜绳不能是导体。溜绳必须保持清洁和干燥，使用前全面评估其强度是否已下降。

7.12 COMMUNICATION 沟通

Methods of signaling – A reliable and efficient method of communication shall be established

between the crane operator and the riggers and the crane signaler.

发信号的方法 - 吊车操作员和起重工和指挥员之间要有可靠和有效的沟通方法。

Note: If two or more cranes are operating in close proximity, the tones of each bell, buzzer or

whistle employed for the cranes shall be clearly distinguishable.

注：如果两个或以上的吊车在邻近的区域内工作，吊车所使用的每次响铃、蜂鸣器或哨子的音调必须

清晰有别。

7.13 HANDLING LOADS OVER PUBLIC ACCESS AREAS AND ADJACENT BUILDING – The

handling of loads over highways, railways, rivers, adjacent buildings or other places to which the

public have access shall be avoided. If this is not practicable, permission shall be obtained from the

appropriate authority and the area kept clear of traffic and persons, or suitable overhead protection

shall be provided during the operation.

在公共通道区域和建筑物附近装卸负荷 - 必须避免在公众出入的道路、铁路、河流、临近建筑物或其

它地方的上方装卸负荷。如果无法做到，必须获得有关机构的许可，清空该区域内的交通工具和人员，

或者操作时提供合适的高空保护。

7.14 RIDING ON THE CRANE – When a crane is operating or traveling, all personnel on the crane shall

be safely accommodated.

吊车上乘人 – 操作或驾驶吊车时，必须为吊车上所有人员提供安全的空间。

7.15 SUSPENSION OF PERSONS BY CRANE 用吊车吊起人员

7.15.1 General – A person shall not ride upon the hook or the sling of a crane or upon any load while

the load is being moved. A person suspended from a crane shall be accommodated in a

workbasket designed for the purpose.

综述 - 移动负荷，人员不能乘坐在吊钩、吊索或任何负荷上。吊车悬挂的人员容纳在专门设计的吊

篮里。

The use of the workbasket shall be limited to those situations where it is necessary to elevate

personnel to perform special tasks of short duration and where it is not practicable to use scaffold

or a specially designed device.

吊篮的使用仅限于必须吊起人员以执行短期的特殊任务和无法使用脚手架或一个专门设计的装置的

地方。

7.15.2 Requirements for the workbasket – The workbasket shall –

对吊篮的要求 - 吊篮必须 –

(a) Be a unit specifically designed as a workbasket;

一个专门设计作为吊篮的装置；

(b) Be marked on two sides with –

在两侧都作好标记 –

- The tare weight of the workbasket,

吊篮的自重，

- The maximum number of occupants,

最大载人数

- The maximum mass which can be carried, in kilograms,

最大承载重量，以公斤为单位

- An identification reference;

一个识别标记；

不多于 3 个人，其中一个应该是指挥员；

(d) Be in a safe working condition; 处于安全的工作状态；

(e) Slings shall be permanently attached to the workbasket by locked shackles or similar

means, two tag lines have to be attached to the workbasket.

使用可锁住的卸扣或者类似方法将吊索永久地与吊篮相连。用两根溜绳连接到吊蓝上.

(f) Have provisions for safety harness lanyards to be attached;

备有安全带钩挂装置；

(g) Be painted in high visibility colors;

使用能见度好的颜色油漆

(h) Where an access door is fitted, it shall only open inwards and be provided with means to

secure the door; and

装有进出门的地方，门只能朝里开并能将门锁住，

(i) Only be used to lift persons and their equipment

只能用以吊起人员和他们的设备

NOTE: Where regulatory authorities have specific requirements for the construction and use

of workbaskets, these shall be adhered to.

注：在法规当局对吊篮的施工和使用有特殊要求的地方，必须遵守这些特殊要求。

7.15.3 Requirements for the crane used with a workbasket – A crane used with a workbox shall –

使用吊篮的吊车的要求 - 使用吊篮的吊车必须 –

(a) Be fitted with a safety hook;

装备有一个安全吊钩；

(b) Be equipped with a lockout control to prevent free fall of the workbasket and its contents;

配备锁定控制措施以防止吊篮和其所盛人和物的自由坠落；

提升动作配备有上限位开关；和

(d) Be fitted with a down limit switch, if the workbasket is to be lowered below the crane

supporting surface.

若吊篮要降到吊车支撑面下方的位置，应装备下限位开关。

7.15.4 Operation of the crane with suspended personnel – When personnel are suspended from a

crane, the crane operator shall –

提升人员的吊车操作 – 用吊车提升人员时，吊车操作员必须 –

(a) Remain at the controls of the crane;

保持对吊车的控制；

(b) Ensure that all movements of the crane are carried out under power;

保证吊车的所有动作是在动力控制下执行的；

safe working load of 1000 kg;

在所执行任务的最大半径中，确保吊车至少有 1000 公斤的安全工作负荷；

(d) Ensure that, when the jib or boom of the crane is at its maximum radius for the task to be

performed, the safe working load for the crane in this condition, when divided by 2, is equal

to or greater than the total load of the workbasket and its contents;

当吊车的主臂和副臂在所执行任务的最大半径时，保证在此条件下吊车的安全工作负荷除以 2

时等于或大于吊篮和其所容纳的人/物的总重量

(e) Ensure that the workbasket shall only be used to lift persons and their equipment;

保证吊篮必须只能用于吊运人员和其设备；

(f) Have effective means of communication with any person in the workbasket;

配备有效的通讯手段与吊篮里的人员沟通

(g) Ensure that mobile cranes do not travel while people are in the workbasket.

人员在吊篮里时，要保证移动式吊车不行驶、滑动。

It is recommended that flammable liquids, oxyacetylene cylinders and the like, be correctly

secured and housed in compartments separate to the workbasket and that only minimum

quantities, sufficient to carry out the work, are carried together with a suitable fire extinguisher.

建议合适地固定好可燃性液体、氧乙炔钢瓶之类，并分开放置在间隔开的吊蓝里，仅携带作业必须

的、最少数量的可燃性液体、氧乙炔钢瓶并要配有合适的灭火器。

Personnel suspended from a crane shall wear a general purpose, full body safety harness with

double lanyards complying with the safety practice, with the safety line attached to the crane

hoisting attachment (hook or rope termination point). It is not recommended that personnel exit

from a workbasket in an elevated position. Where this is the most practicable method and where

the workbasket cannot be suitably landed, it shall be securely attached to the structure before

personnel enter or leave the workbasket.

吊车吊起的人员必须穿戴通用的符合安全规程的全背式双绳安全带，其安全绳与吊车附件（吊钩或

绳索连接点）相连。不建议人员在高处离开吊篮。在没有其它办法以及吊篮无法合适地到达时，人

员进入或离开吊篮前，吊篮必须牢固连接到结构物上。

7.16 OPERATION NEAR AERIAL CONDUCTORS (OVERHEAD POWER LINES)

在架空线（架空电源线）附近作业

7.16.1 Precautions – When operating a crane in close proximity to aerial conductors, the following

precautions shall be observed by the operator and other persons working with the crane.

预防措施 - 在架空线附近操作吊车时，操作员以及与吊车一起作业的其他人员必须采取下列预防措

施。

(a) When operating in an unfamiliar area, check for the presence of aerial conductors.

在不熟悉的区域操作时，要检查是否存在架空线路。

(b) Consider all such conductors to be live unless it is positively known that they have been

de-energized and isolated. Documentary evidence of the continuing isolation of the power

supply shall be obtained before approaching conductors.

要考虑到这些导体可能都带电，除非事先已经被明确告知它们已经不带电或被隔离。在接近导

体前，必须获得电源已经被隔离的书面证明，。

负荷和吊车不得比下列要求更接近：

- For distribution lines on poles …………..….. 2 m

电线杆上的 220v 或 380v 的分配线………… 2 米

- For transmission lines on towers ……… 6 m unless designated otherwise by the

electricity supply authority.

对高压线架间的输电线………………………. 6 米除非供电部门另有指定。

High visibility insulating materials may allow a reduced approach distance.

明确可见绝缘材料的电源线可允许再靠近些。

(d) Notify the power supply authority and obtain special procedures from that authority when it

is necessary to operate within the above distances.

必须在上述距离之内操作的话，要通知供电部门并从当局获得特别程序。

(e) Where necessary, provide ground barriers to warn operators.

必要时，在地面上设置防护栏以警告操作员。

(f) Use non-conducting taglines when these are required.

需要时，必须使用非导电的溜绳。

(g) Do not allow any person, other than the crane operator, to be in contact with any part of the

crane or the load, except with a non-conducting tagline, once the lift has commenced.

一旦起吊开始，除吊车操作员以外不允许任何人接触吊车或负荷的任何部分，除非使用非导电

的溜绳。

(h) Ensure appropriate earthling systems are fitted and in contact with the ground.

保证安装有合适的接地系统，接地良好。

(i) High visibility bunting may be applied to the conductors as an indication of location of the

conductors. If possible, contact with the local electric bureau to power off the lines during

operation

可将清晰可见的彩旗放在导体上以标明导体的位置。在可能的情况下，通知当地电力部门对该

线路断电。

7.16.2 Aerial conductor contact – If the crane or load contacts aerial conductors, the relevant

electricity supplies authority shall be immediately notified of the situation until assistance is

received, a responsible person shall remain near the crane to warn of the danger of electrocution.

In such an event and where practicable, the crane operator should act as follows:

接触到架空线 - 如果吊车或负荷接触到了架空线，必须立即通知有关供电部门并等待援助，负责的

人员必须在吊车附近，警告有触电的危险。此时，在可行的情况下，吊车操作员应采取如下行动：

(a) Remain inside the cabin or on the crane.

留在驾驶舱内或吊车上。

(b) Warn all other personnel to keep away from the crane and not to touch any part of the

crane, rope or load.

警告所有其他人员远离吊车，不要接触吊车、绳索或负荷的任何部位。

contact, where possible.

如无人接近吊车，可能时，设法操作吊车以脱离接触。

(d) When unable to move or disentangle the crane from the aerial conductors, remain inside

the cabin or on the crane and take no further action until it is confirmed that conditions are

safe.

若无法移动或使吊车脱离架空线，等在吊车驾驶舱内或吊车上，不要采取进一步行动，直到确

认安全为止。

(e) When it is essential to leave the cabin or crane because of fire or some other reason then,

to avoid being electrocuted, jump clear as far away from the crane as possible and avoid

touching the crane and the ground at the same time. When moving away from the crane,

the crane operator should shuffle or hop slowly across the affected area to avoid a

simultaneous contact with areas of high potential difference.

如果由于着火或一些其它原因而必须离开驾驶舱或吊车时，为了避免触电，尽量地跳离吊车，

并避免同时接触吊车和地面。在离开吊车时，吊车操作员应该慢慢地拖曳或单脚跳过受影响的

区域，以避免同时接触有电压差的区域。

Where the crane driver is immobilized, the power shall be isolated before assistance is

given.

吊车驾驶员固定不动时，救援前必须隔离电源。

When a crane has been in contact with a live aerial conductor, a check shall be made by a

competent person for any damage to the hoisting rope and other crane components. Any

actions recommended by the competent person shall be completed before the crane is

returned to service.

当吊车与带电架空线接触时，须由有资格的人员检查吊索和其它吊车元件是否受损。吊车重新

投入使用前必须完成有资格人员建议的任何行动。

NOTE: Regulatory authorities may require advice of any power line contact.

注：法规当局可能要求提供电线接触的情况。

7.17 OPERATION NEAR UNDERGROUND LIVE CONDUCTORS – When operating a crane in close

proximity to live buried power lines, the same precautions as give in Clause 7.16 shall be

observed as appropriate

在地下带电导体附近作业 - 在地下埋设有电缆的附近操作时，要采取与 7.16 条规定相同的预防措

施

7.18 DEFINITIONS FOR HEAVY LIFTS 大件吊装的定义

The definitions of lifts will be taken from HGJ201-83 and SHJ515-90 as follows:

吊装的定义可参考 HGJ201-83 以及 SHJ515-90，具体如下：

Heavy/Large weight > 80t or dimension > 60m

大型重量大于 80 吨或尺寸大于 60 米

Medium weight > 40t and < 80t, dimension < 60m

中型重量大于 40 吨，小于 80 吨，尺寸小于 60 米

Small weight < 40t, dimension < 60m

小型重量小于 40 吨, 尺寸小于 60 米

7.19 MULTIPLE CRANE OPERATION 多台吊车作业

7.19.1 General – Hoisting a load with two or more cranes requires greater attention to planning and

supervision than hoisting with one crane, because the effects of the relative motion between the

cranes may induce additional loadings on the cranes, the load and the lifting gear. Because of

this an the difficulty in monitoring these additional loads, multiple crane hoisting shall be used

only when the physical dimensions, characteristics, mass or required movement of the load

prevent the operation from being carried out by a single crane.

综述 - 用 2 个或以上吊车来起吊一个负荷要求比使用一个吊车时更加注意计划和监督，因为吊车之

间相对运动的影响会在吊车、负荷和吊具上的造成额外负荷。因此，更增加对额外负荷监督的难度，

当负荷的物理尺寸、特性、重量或需要的移动无法用一个吊车执行时，才使用多个吊车。

Multiple crane hoisting shall be planned with extreme care and shall include an accurate

assessment of the proportion of the load to be carried by each crane. It is essential that planning

shall ensure that the hoist ropes remain vertical.

必须非常小心地作好多个吊车吊运的方案，必须精确评估每个吊车的分摊负荷。重要的是方案必须确

保每根吊索都保持垂直。

During multiple crane hoisting operations, only one motion should be undertaken at any time, and

movements should be planned so that lifting-up is used in preference to lifting-down.

在多个吊车同时操作中，在任何时候只能做同一个动作，要作好移动的方案，相对于向下放下负荷，

应更优先考虑向上提升负荷。

7.19.2 Capacity requirements – For multiple crane hoisting operations using two or more cranes, the

following the maximum permitted utilization rates for each crane shall apply:

能力要求 - 对于使用两台及以上吊车的多个吊车吊运操作，每台起重机允许的最大使用率须符合：

(a) For one cranes ……………...90% of the total load on the crane

对于 1 台吊车吊车总负荷的 90%.

(b) For two cranes ……….…....... 80% of the total load on the each crane.

对于 2 台吊车………………….每台吊车总负荷的 80%

对于 3 台吊车……………….. 每台吊车总负荷的 67%

(d) For four cranes ….. …………..50% of the total load on the each crane.

对于 4 台吊车…….. …………. 每台吊车总负荷的 50%

“Utilization rate” is the total load on the crane, as a percentage of the maximum load permitted by

the crane lifting tables for the crane configuration that will be used.

“使用率”是指实际操作中起重机的总负重，以起重机吊装负载表中规定的用于起重机配置的最大允

许负重的百分比来表示。

“Total load” includes rigging and all items to be lifted.

“总负重”包括吊具和所有起吊的物件。

“Crane configuration” is the combination of boom length, counterweight etc.

“起重机配置”是指吊杆，回转半径和配重等的组合。

For multiple crane lifts, the utilization rate for each crane is the maximum value of that crane’s

share of the load, as a percentage of the maximum load permitted by the lifting tables for that

crane’s configuration.

对于多台起重机吊装，每台起重机的使用率是吊车分摊负重的最大值，以起重机吊装表中规定的用

于起重机配置的最大负重的百分比来表示。

7.19.3 Planning for multiple crane hoisting

多个吊车吊装方案

a) Mass of load – The total mass of the load and its distribution shall be either known or

calculated. If the information is taken from a technical drawing, allowance should be made

for manufacturing tolerances.

负荷重量 - 已知或经过计算得知负荷的总重量和分摊重量。如果信息来自技术图纸，则要为

制造偏差考虑一些余量。

b) Center of gravity – The position of the center of gravity shall be assessed carefully and

allowances made for each uncertainty.

重心 – 重心位置必须被仔细估算，对每个不确定因数给予一定的余量。

c) Mass of lifting gear – The mass of the lifting gear shall be part of the calculated load on the

cranes and its mass distribution shall be accurately known.

吊具重量 – 吊具重量是吊车计算负荷的一部分，要知道精确的分摊重量。

d) Synchronization of the crane motions – The crane motions should be synchronized;

therefore, cranes of equal capacity and similar characteristics should be used whenever

possible. In practice, there will always be some variation due to differences in response to

the activation of the motion controller and the setting and efficiency of the braking system.

吊车同步动作- 吊车动作必须同步；因此尽可能使用具有相同承载力和相似特性的吊车。在实

际作业中，由于运动控制的动作、设定和刹车系统效率差异的影响，总会有些偏差。

The safe working load of a crane is calculated on the assumption that the load will be raised

and lowered in a vertical plane. The crane structure will have been designed to withstand

any lateral loads imposed by accelerations in the various crane motions, but it is unsafe to

rely on this lateral strength to withstand horizontal components of non-vertical lifts. Since it

is unlikely that the motions of the two cranes will be accurately synchronized, particularly if

the cranes have dissimilar characteristics, the operation shall be performed at slow speeds

with extreme care being exercised to maintain the hoist ropes as close to vertical as

possible.

吊车的安全工作负荷是根据负荷在一个垂直平面上提起或放下的假设来计算的。吊车结构已设

计用来承受不同吊车运动的加速度所造成的侧向负荷，但仅仅依靠这种侧向强度来承担非垂直

起吊造成的水平负荷是不安全的。由于要求两台吊车非常精确地同步是不大可能的，特别是，

当吊车的特性不同的时候，吊车应该极其小心地以慢速度来尽量保持吊索垂直。

e) Pick and Carry – In pick and carry operations the axis of both or all cranes shall be kept

aligned in the same direction. The possibility is that once out of alignment, the movement of

one crane may push or pull either the other crane or cranes and cause loss of stability.

吊起和移动 - 在吊起和移动物体时，两个或所有吊车的轴线应该在同一方向上应保持一致。一

种可能的情况是，当出现不一致时，一台吊车的移动会推动或拉动其他吊车，从而失去稳定。

f) Instrumentation – Instruments are available to monitor constantly the angle of the load, and

the verticality and force in each hoist rope throughout the lifting operation. Their use is

recommended.

仪器 - 使用仪器不间断的监视整个起吊操作过程中负荷的角度、每个吊索的垂直度和受力。

g) Wind – As multiple crane hoisting is sensitive to weather conditions, particularly wind speed,

an adequate assessment of the prevailing conditions should be made before

commencement of a multiple hoisting operation.

风 - 多个吊车吊装对气候条件是敏感的，特别是风速的影响，在多吊车吊装作业开始前，对有

影响的条件要进行充分的评估。

7.19.4 Supervision of a multiple crane hoisting operation – One competent person shall be overall

control of a multiple crane hoisting operation.

多台吊车吊装作业的监督 - 一名有资格的人员要全面控制多台吊车的吊装作业。

7.20 PILLING OPERATION 打桩作业

7.20.1 Piling service – Piling service necessitates the use of special equipment. It is essential to ensure

that the additional mass of the piling equipment and the loads arising during operation do not

overload the crane, boom or jib structure or adversely affect the stability of the crane.

打桩作业 - 打桩作业需要使用特殊的设备。

重要的是要保证打桩设备的额外重量和操作产生的负荷

不能超过吊车、主臂和副臂结构的负荷，或者对吊车的稳定性造成不利的影响.

Particular attention should be given to the crane standing during operation to avoid differential

settlement of crawler tracks or crane supports, which may adversely affect the stability of the

crane.

要特别注意操作期间吊车的支撑，以避免履带或吊车支撑的不均衡下沉，从而影响吊车的稳定性。

Particular care should be given to the examination of ropes on sheaves and on drums, rope

terminal fittings and rope anchorages during the following operations:

在下列操作中，要特别仔细地检查滑轮和卷筒上的钢丝绳、绳尾压板和绳索锚固件：

(a) Pile driving – When a pile is being pitched in position for driving, side loading on the boom

and side dragging of piles should be avoided.

打桩 - 当桩就位于打桩位置时，应避免起吊臂上的侧向负荷和桩的侧向牵拉。

Before working below the drop hammer, the hammer shall be lowered onto the

positively-locked safety system and the crane hoist mechanism shall be locked out.

在落锤下工作之前，落锤应下降到已确定锁住的安全系统上，吊车提升机构必须锁定。

(b) Pile extraction – For pile extraction, an extractor, which is usually a reciprocating or vibratory

type and may be used either for driving or extraction of piles, strikes the pile upwards and

breaks its adhesion. The actual force used to withdraw the pile is provided by the crane

hoist rope from which the extractor is suspended. Extraction shall be effected by a ‘smooth’

haul on the hoist rope. Under no circumstances shall the hoist rope be jerked or the crane

tipped to achieve faster results.

抽出桩 - 对于桩的抽出，抽出机通常为往复型或振动型，可被用于打击或抽出桩，向上冲击桩，

以破坏它的粘着力。抽出桩的实际力量由悬挂抽出机的起重机吊绳提供，通过吊索平稳的拖拉

来抽出，决不能通过猛拉吊索或吊臂变辐达到更快的目的。

In assessing the required capacity of a crane for pile extraction duty, the following shall be

considered:

在评估吊车抽出桩作业所需要的能力时，须考虑下列情况：

- Mass of the extractor.抽出机的重量

- Mass of the pile. 桩的重量

- Adhesion and frictional forces occurring between the ground and the pile

地面和桩体之间的粘着力和摩擦力

For sheet pile extraction, a further allowance is necessary for the friction between the pile being

extracted and the adjacent pile remaining in the ground.

对于板桩的抽出，应考虑待抽出的板桩和附近板桩之间的摩擦力。

7.20.2 Inspection – After a crane has been used in the above modes it shall be subjected to a complete

and meticulous inspection before being returned to lifting duties.

检查 - 吊车以上述方式使用后，重新使用前应进行全面仔细的检查。

7.21 WEATHER CONDITIONS 气候条件

7.21.1 Wind conditions – Gusting or strong wind conditions have an adverse effect on crane stability.

Handling of loads with large wind-catching surfaces may result in loss of control of the load or

overturning of the crane despite the mass of the load being within the safe working load of the

crane. Even in relatively light wind conditions, the handling of loads presenting large windage

surfaces should be avoided.

有风的情况下 - 阵风或强风环境会对吊车的稳定性产生不利影响。吊装迎风面大的负荷可能会导致

负荷失去控制或使吊车倾倒，尽管负荷的重量是在吊车的安全工作负荷范围内。即使在相对较轻的

风力下，也要避免吊装迎风面较大的负荷。

It is advisable that an anemometer be available at the working site.

建议在现场设置风速计。

Where wind speeds exceed the manufacturer’s operating recommendations, cranes shall be

placed out-of-service.

在风速超过制造商建议范围时，不应该使用吊车。

7.21.2 Visibility conditions – Where adverse weather conditions such as snow, fog and dust, have an

adverse effect on visibility or the communication system, the crane shall be placed out-of-service

until conditions improve to such an extent that a dangerous situation no longer exists.

能见度条件 – 不利的气候条件诸如雪、雾和灰尘，会对能见度或沟通系统产生不利的影响，此时，

不应该使用吊车直到条件得到改善，不至于产生危险。

7.21.3 Wet conditions – Brake or clutch units and electrical equipment on all cranes shall be protected

against the ingress of water or other adverse weather conditions, which may affect their efficiency.

Following shutdown periods and before the start of hoisting operations, all friction brakes and

clutches shall be carefully tested.

潮湿环境 - 保护所有吊车上的刹车或离合器和电气设备，防止水或其它不利气候条件影响它们的效

率。在停车期间以及在起吊作业开始前，要仔细试验所有摩擦刹车和离合器。

7.21.4 Lightning – Outdoor cranes should not be operated during a storm when lightning strikes could

reasonably be expected.

闪电 – 在可能会有闪电的暴雨期间，不要在室外操作吊车。

7.22 ACCIDENT OR DAMAGE – When the crane is involved in any accident or the crane or

equipment sustains damage or failure, the crane operator shall report such occurrences to

management.

事故或损失 - 当吊车发生意外事故，或者吊车或设备受到损伤或发生故障时，吊车操作员必须向管

理层汇报发生的事情。

The crane or equipment shall then be inspected and repaired as required and declared as

satisfactory by a competent person before it is returned to service.

必须按要求检查和修理吊车或设备，直到得到有资质的人员认可，才可重新投入使用。

NOTE: Specific legislation may require notification of the accident or damage to a regulatory

authority.

注：特殊法规可能要求将事故或损伤通知给法规当局。

7.23 MODIFICATIONS TO CRANES – Modifications to any part of a crane, including the addition of

display signs, shall not be undertaken without the approval of the manufacturer or management

after an engineering assessment.

吊车的修改 - 修改吊车的任何部分，包括增加显示信号，必须经工程评估和制造商或管理层的批准。

7.24 NECESSARY EQUIPMENT – A fire extinguisher appropriate to the hazards involved should be

provided for every crane.

必要设备 - 每个吊车必须配备与有关危险相配的灭火器。

7.25 GUARDING – All guarding shall be securely installed and maintained.

防护罩 – 应牢固地安装和维护所有的防护罩。

7.26 LOAD RATING CHARTS – Load rating charts applicable to the various specified operating

configurations of the crane shall be readily accessible to the operator at all times.

负荷图 - 操作员应始终能够很容易的看到适用于吊车的各种特定操作组态的负荷图。

7.27 LOAD TEST – Load testing may be dangerous. Load testing is designed to prove a crane’s load

carrying capacity and it shall be borne in mind that the crane may not withstand the loading. It is

necessary to ensure that all personnel, not essential to the test, are kept away from the area.

Test personnel should be positioned so that they are unlikely to be injured should there be a

mishap. The test area should be roped off and notices posted prohibiting unauthorized entry.

载荷试验 -载荷试验可能会有危险。负荷试验是设计用来证明吊车的承载能力，但必须记住吊车可

能承受不住负荷。必须保证所有与试验无关的人员远离该区域。试验人员应该位于即使发生事故也

不会导致他们受伤的位置。试验区域要用绳索围起来并贴出告示，禁止未经授权的人员进入。

7.28 TRAVELLING AND TRANSPORTATION

行驶和运输

7.28.1 Road travel – Road travel shall be in accordance with the operating instructions and the local

regulations.

道路上行驶 - 在道路上行驶要符合使用说明书和当地法规。

7.28.2 Site travel with a boom or a jib fitted – Sometimes it is necessary to assemble and erect the

boom or jib at a remote location and to drive the crane to the place of work with the boom or jib

erected. With long boom or jib cranes, this may be a dangerous operation and should only be

undertaken with care. In such circumstances, the route to be traversed should be firm and level

and the operation should be carried out at creep speeds with the boom or jib in line with the

direction of travel and with the slewing locks engaged. The manufacture’s recommendations for

this operation shall be adhered to.

在现场带着主臂和副臂行驶 - 有时需要在较远的地方组装和安装主臂和副臂，然后吊车带着组装好

的主臂和副臂驶入现场。对于带着长长主臂和副臂的起重机，这可能是危险的操作并且应小心的进

行。这样的条件下，行驶路线应坚固和平整并且主臂和副臂应和行驶的方向一致，以很慢的爬行速

度行驶且必须锁住回转装置。此操作必须遵循制造商的建议。

7.28.3 Travel and transport clearances – Before a crane travels or is transported, special attention

shall be given to the overall clearance height of the crane and overhanging projections, such as

the boom or jib.

行驶和运输净空 - 吊车行驶和被运输前，要特别注意吊车的净空高度和悬垂突出，诸如主臂和副臂。

The route shall be checked to ensure that the crane can be moved safely, and the regulatory

authorities shall be consulted, as required.

检查路线以保证吊车能够安全通过，需要时须咨询有关法规当局。

7.29 TRAVELLING WITH SUSPENDED LOADS (PICK-AND-CARRY)

带着负荷行驶（吊起和运走）

7.29.1 General – Acceleration and braking motions during traveling shall be applied gently to minimize

the swing of the load. Taglines should be used to prevent pendulum motion of the load. The

load should be carried as near to the supporting surface as is practicable.

综述 - 行驶过程中加速和刹车动作要轻以减小负荷摆动。使用溜放绳以防止负荷的摆动。负荷运输

时应尽可能地贴近支撑面。

Persons assisting the crane operator shall not be located between a suspended load and the

crane and they shall be visible to the crane operator.

协助吊车操作员的人员不得处于悬吊负荷和吊车之间，吊车操作员可以看得见他们。

Boom slew position in relation to the carrier shall be kept inside the specified sector.

和车架相关的主臂回转位置应保持在规定的扇区内。

7.29.2 Surface Preparation – Where necessary, the surface to be traversed should be prepared to

ensure a firm and level access route for the crane. Surface depressions and potholes should be

filled to prevent the crane from tilting laterally or in the direction of traveling. Where surface

penetration may occur in soft surfaces, mats or other suitable traveling surfaces should be laid.

地面准备 - 必要时，应准备好行驶路面以保证坚固和平坦的吊车行进路线。要填平地面凹陷和坑洞，

以防吊车横向或朝行进方向倾倒。在可能发生陷车的柔软路面，应铺设垫板或其它合适的行驶路面。

7.29.3 Out of level operation – The rated capacity of crane is determined with the crane leveled to

within one degree. A crane out of level by more than one degree may suffer a serious reduction

in lifting capacity. The worst effect is when cranes with long booms are operating at short radius.

在非水平情况下的作业 - 吊车的额定能力是在吊车有 1 度水平误差的情况确定的。水平误差大于 1

度的吊车在起吊能力上可能会严重降低。最糟的影响是长主臂的吊车仅能在较短的回转半径上工作。

7.29.4 Slopes – Negotiation of slopes by mobile cranes traveling with suspended loads should be

avoided. Where the negotiation of slope is unavoidable, a competent person should be consulted

and be in attendance to advise on the feasibility of the operation and the precautions to be taken.

It is essential that any crane used in this type of operation has adequate capacity over the loads

to be hoisted. In general, the load should always be carried on the uphill side of the crane,

irrespective of the direction of travel. The slewing lock should be engaged. Slewing should be

avoided except to maintain the load in the uphill direction. Loads should always be placed on the

uphill side of the crane and precautions taken so that neither the boom or jib nor crane becomes

unstable on release of the load. Loads should always be carried as near to the surface as

practicable.

斜坡 - 应避免带着负荷行驶的吊车进入斜坡。在无法避免斜坡的情况下，应咨询有资质的人员并在

场对操作的可行性提出建议并要采取预防措施。重要的是任何进行此类作业的吊车对提升的负荷要

有足够的余量。通常不管行驶方向如何，负荷总是应该位于吊车的上坡侧。回转锁必须被锁住。应

避免回转，除非是为了保持负荷在上坡的方向。负荷要始终位于吊车的上坡侧并采取预防措施，这

样在释放负荷时不会使主臂和副臂或吊车不稳定。负荷运输时应尽可能靠近路面。

7.29.5 Avoidance of side loading on boom or jib – Booms and jibs are designed to operate with the

load vertical to the axis of the boom or jib. Side loading may cause the boom or jib to collapse

and should be avoided. With any side loading, the moment arm for the sideways component of

the loading is the length of the boom and for very long booms this may have a serious deleterious

effect on crane stability.

避免主臂和副臂侧向受力 – 主臂和副臂是设计用来吊装与它们的轴线相垂直的负荷。侧向受力可能

会使主臂和副臂发生倒塌，应该避免。带有侧向负荷后，负荷侧面的力臂等于吊杆的长度，对于长

吊杆来说，这对吊车的稳定带来有害的影响。

8 MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION AND REPAIR

维护、检查和修理

8.1 GENERAL – Management’s instructions for routine maintenance and inspection of the crane

shall be readily available. The instructions shall include the manufacturer’s recommendations for

routine maintenance and inspection, and shall give specifications for consumable items such as

ropes, lubricating oils, and hydraulic fluids.

综述 - 吊车日常维护和检查的管理指令必须是适用的。指令将包括制造商的日常维护和检查的建

议，并要给出消耗品，诸如绳索、润滑油和液压油等的规格。

A logbook (record) shall be kept of all cranes, giving all pertinent information such as hours

worked, adjustments, insulation checks, renewal of parts, inspections and repairs, as detailed in

Clause 8.3.3. Based on this record, a program of planned maintenance and repair work should

be introduced to contribute towards trouble-free and safe operation. The logbook should be kept

on the crane.

所有的吊车应该有行车日志，给出了所有有关的信息，诸如工作小时数、调整、绝缘检查、零部件

更新、检查和修理等，详见 8.3.3 条。在此记录的基础上要建立维护和修理工作计划，以保持无故

障和安全运行。行车日志应保存在吊车上。

8.2 INSPECTION – Each crane shall be inspected periodically in accordance with management’s

instructions and with full consideration of the crane duties, to ensure that –

检查 - 根据管理指令和全面考虑吊车任务，应对吊车进行定期的检查，以保证 –

(a) The parts of the crane subject to deterioration through corrosion, damage, wear, abrasion

and like effects are replaced before they become unserviceable; and

根据吊车的零部件的腐蚀、损坏、磨损等情况，在它们无法使用前得到更换；和

(b) The crane is maintained in a safe, serviceable condition.

吊车被维护在安全、可用的状态下。

8.2.1 Major inspection – management’s instructions shall include directions for the extent and

frequency of major inspections.

主要检查 - 管理指令应该包括主要检查的程度和频率方面的指示。

The frequency of major inspections shall be in conformance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations, or regulatory requirements which ever is the more frequent.

主要检查的频率应符合制造商的建议或法规要求，遵循频率更高的一个。

A major inspection shall have the following meaning:

主要检查有下列含义：

(a) A comprehensive and detailed examination by a competent person sufficient to ensure that

the crane is safe to use

有资质人员全面和详细的检查，足以保证吊车的安全使用。

(b) As considered necessary by a competent person, visual examination shall be

supplemented by non-destructive testing and examination to determine the condition of the

crane.

若有资质人员认为有必要，除外观检查外还应做无损伤试验，以确定吊车的状况。

enable the condition of the crane to be determined.

若有资质人员认为有必要，应拆除吊车的零件，以确定吊车的状况。

NOTE: 注意：

1 The frequency and extent of inspections shall be related to the severity of the operating

conditions of the crane.

检查的频率和程度与吊车操作环境的严重程度有关。

2 Inspections shall be thoroughly conducted by a competent person authorized by management.

All such inspections shall be appropriate to both the current crane use and future crane use.

检查应由经过管理层授权的有资质人员进行。所有这些检查适用于当前和将来使用的吊车。

3 The crane shall be maintained in a clean and accessible condition to enable inspections to be

made safely and efficiently.

吊车应被保持在清洁和易接近的条件下，使检查能安全和有效的进行。

4 Documentation shall be readily available stating that the crane has been inspected by a

competent person and is in a safe, serviceable condition.

应有适用的文件，表明吊车已经过有资质人员的检查，处于安全和可用的状态。

Where experience has shown particular problems with a crane or hoist, then a specific program

shall be established to alleviate the problems.

当经验显示吊车或卷扬机存在问题时，要制定专门方案以解决问题。

8.2.2 SCHEDULE OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING AND EXAMINATION OF CRANES

吊机试验和检查法定要求时间表

The following table shows the schedule of legal requirements for the testing and examination of

cranes.

下表列明了吊机试验和检查法定要求计划。

Authority

部门

Type of Inspection

检查类型

Frequency

频率

Changshu/Chinese Labour Bureau

中国/常熟劳动部门

Governmental Certification

政府部门证明

Yearly 每年

HSE Department Thoroughly examined

including testing by a competent person

who is appointed for the purpose.

HSE 部门全面的检查，包括由指定合格人

员实施的试验

Pre-entry inspection

进入现场前

See attachment A 见附件 A

Before first taken into Use

首次使用前

HSE Department Thoroughly examined

including testing by a competent person

who is appointed for the purpose.

HSE 部门全面的检查，包括由指定合格人

员实施的试验

Crane permanently based on site

for more than 3 months which has

gone through earlier pre-entry

inspection.

早先进入现场前已通过检查,在现

场超过 3 个月的起重机

Thoroughly examined at least

every 3 months or in

accordance with an

examination system.

至少每 3 个月按检查体系进行

全面的检查。

Crane Operator

起重机操作员

Pre-Use Inspection

每次使用前检查

See attachment B 见附件 B

Daily/Before first use for the

day

每天第一次工作前

8.3 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR 维护和修理

8.3.1 General – All maintenance and repair shall be carried out in accordance with the management’s

instructions using suitable tools and any special equipment specified for the purpose.

综述 - 所有的维护和修理应根据管理指令进行，使用合适的工具和专用设备。

8.3.2 Worn or unserviceable parts – Any part of a crane, or its ancillary or auxiliary equipment, which

becomes so warn or unserviceable as to constitute a hazard or impair the operation of the crane

or may constitute a hazard before the next periodic inspection, shall be repaired or replaced.

The repaired or new part shall comply with the manufacturer’s recommendations or

specifications.

磨损或不能使用的零部件 - 吊车及其辅助设备的任何零部件或辅助设备，若已经磨损或无法继续使

用或对吊车的操作造成危害或损害，或在下次定期检查前可能会构成危害时，应该被更换或修理。

修理过的或者新的零件应该符合制造商的建议或规格。

NOTE: 注意：

1 Any repair must comply with the requirements of the local regulatory authority.

任何修理必须符合当地法规当局的要求。

2 The manufacturer normally provides a recommended servicing frequency for cranes.

制造商通常提供吊车的建议服务频率。

8.3.3 Log Maintenance – Prior to leaving the crane, the operator or other person responsible shall

record in the logbook the crane checks, adjustments, renewal of parts, repairs and inspections

performed, the hours worked by the crane, duties performed by the crane, including maximum

loading and all incidents and irregularities of loading, operation, wear, damage and the like

concerning the safe use of the crane. Each log entry shall be signed by the responsible person

making the entry and should contain details of that person’s identification and qualifications.

记录本的维护 - 在离开吊车前，操作员或其他负责人员应该在记录本上记录吊车检查、调整、零部

件更换、修理和检查、工作小时数、吊车的工作内容，包括最大的负荷以及所有事故和非正常情况、

操作、磨损、损坏等有关安全使用吊车的信息。每次使用记录本后应由负责使用该记录本的人员签

名，并包括记录人的本人身份和资质情况。

9 ROPES, HOOKS 钢丝绳、吊钩

9.1 ROPES 钢丝绳

9.1.1 Replacement of ropes – Only ropes of the correct size type and construction specified by the

crane manufacturer or the rope manufacturer shall be used and these shall be in accordance with

AS 2759 or other appropriate internationally recognized Standard.

钢丝绳的更换 - 只能使用正确尺寸类型的钢丝绳，并按照吊车制造商或钢丝绳制造商规定的方法更

换，这些应遵循 AS 2759 标准，或其它国际通用的标准。

9.1.2 Rope reeving – Where it is possible to vary the number of falls of the hoist rope or parts of rope

in the lifting system, it is important to ensure that these are in accordance with the crane

manufacturer’s recommendations for boom and jib lengths and loads to be lifted. It should be

noted that if a load moment system is fitted, the system generally operates accurately only when

its setting corresponds to the length of boom or jib fitted and the type of rope reeving adopted.

Where a crane is fitted with a load-sensing device, the device may require adjustment after a

change of reeving before the crane is placed in service.

穿绳 - 在可能的时候，改变卷扬机钢丝绳的门数或起吊系统钢丝绳的部件，对于主臂和副臂长度以

及提升负荷，重要的是要保证符合吊车制造商的建议。要注意的是如果装配一个力矩系统，通常只

有在系统的设定符合主臂和副臂的长度要求以及采用适当的穿法时，系统才能精确地操作。若吊车

装配有负荷传感器，在改变穿法后，它可能要求被调整，然后才能将吊车投入使用。

9.1.3 Rope guards or keepers – Rope guards or keepers where fitted to sheaves or drums shall

remain in their correct positions and be removed only for the purposes of maintenance,

inspection or adjustment. This is of particular importance if, under certain circumstances, the rope

system may develop a slack rope condition. Failure to observe this may allow a rope to run off a

sheave or drum and become trapped or damaged.

钢丝绳防护装置 – 安装在滑轮和卷筒上的钢丝绳防护装置应维持在正确的位置，只有在维护、检查

或调整时才能拆除。这是特别重要的：在一些情况下，钢丝绳可能出现松垮的情况。如果不能注意

到这点，可能会使钢丝绳跑出滑轮组或卷筒，造成钢丝绳缠绕或损坏。

9.1.4 Guide rollers and sheaves – Guide rollers or guide sheaves are sometimes fitted on the boom

or jib so that the rope does not rub against the structure. Where these are fitted, it is essential

that they be checked frequently to ensure that they are free to rotate. A seized roller or sheave

may cause serious damage to a rope, leading to its premature failure. Boom or jib protective

strips, where fitted, shall be frequently checked for security and serviceability.

导轮和滑轮组 - 导轮或导向滑轮组有时装配在主臂和副臂上，这样钢丝绳就不会摩擦吊臂结构。要

经常检查导轮和滑轮组以保证它们能自由转动。卡住的导轮或滑轮组可能对钢丝绳造成严重损坏，

导致提前失效。可能时应经常检查主臂和副臂的保护衬板，以保证它们牢固和可用。

9.1.5 Rope drums and sheaves – Rope drums and sheaves shall be examined at regular intervals for

wear.

钢丝绳鼓和滑轮组 – 要定期检查钢丝绳鼓和滑轮组的磨损情况。

Sheaves shall revolve freely on their supporting shafts and particular attention shall be given to

lubrication.

滑轮组应能在其支撑轴上自由转动，要特别注意润滑

9.1.6 Rope terminal fittings – Only rope terminal fittings as specified by the crane or rope

manufacturer shall be used to attach a rope to a drum, anchorage, hook block or structure of the

crane. Improvised fittings shall not be used.

绳卡 - 只能使用吊车或绳索制造商规定的绳卡，将钢丝绳与卷筒、锚接点、吊钩滑轮组和吊车结构

相连。不能使用临时配件。

Attention shall be given to the assembly of wedge and socket fittings, and such fittings shall be

provided with a rope tail clip.

应注意楔形件和插套件的组装，用绳卡进行这样的装配。

9.1.7 Rope lengths – Ropes of the correct length shall be fitted with variable boom or jib lengths, it

may be necessary to fit a specific length of rope for a particular boom or jib length and rope

reeving combination. Too short a rope may result in the rope completely paying out with all the

load being taken by the anchorage. Too long a rope may exceed the drum spooling capacity and

result in the rope riding over the flanges and becoming trapped in the machinery causing severe

damage and possibly premature rope failure.

钢丝绳长度 –不同长度的主臂和副臂应装配有合适长度的绳索。对于一个特殊长度的主臂和副臂和

穿绳方法应配有特定长度的绳索。太短的钢丝绳可能会被完全拉出，使整个负荷都作用在锚具上。

绳索太长，可能会超过卷筒的卷绕能力使绳索绕过法兰，并夹在机械之间而导致严重受损，钢丝绳

可能提前失效。

Before hoisting operations commence following installation of a new rope or a change of

configuration, the rope drums shall be checked in the extreme spooling conditions to ensure that

the rope lengths are correct.

在进行提升操作前，因安装了新钢丝绳和配置改变，通过完全卷绕/放出钢丝绳的方式检查卷筒以保

证钢丝绳长度合适。

9.1.8 Rope stretch – Rope stretch may create problems with the setting of hoisting limiting devices

and the overfilling of the drum. Frequent inspections, particularly during the early life of the

installed rope, shall be carried out and limiting devices adjusted or the rope cut back to the

appropriate length.

钢丝绳伸长 - 绳索伸长可能会造成提升限位装置设定和卷筒过度卷绕的问题。必须进行经常的检查

特别在钢丝绳使用的早期，并相应调节限位装置或将绳索切回到合适的长度。

9.1.9 Examination of ropes – Ropes wear and are affected by climatic and environmental conditions,

e.g. saline, corrosive or abrasive atmospheres. A thorough periodic examination by a competent

person for wear, damage and corrosion is necessary for the safety of rope system. Particular

attention should be paid to tucked splices and those sections of rope close to the terminal fittings.

Ropes, which are composed of more than one layer of strands, such as non-rotating ropes, may

deteriorate internally at the interface between the layers, and it is therefore essential that the rope

be carefully and competently examined. If multi-layer drums are used, examination is necessary

of not only that part of the rope which is in constant use, but also of the rope which may remain

spooled and inoperative on the drum for long periods. Boom and fly-jib suspension ropes are

often placed at positions remote form the basic crane structure. Such ropes shall be carefully

examined, particularly those sections lying round sheaves.

钢丝绳检查 – 钢丝绳磨损，以及受气候和环境条件如酸碱、腐蚀或不利的天气的影响。有资质人员

对钢丝绳的磨损、损坏和腐蚀进行全面定期的检查对钢丝绳的安全是必要的。尤其注意皱折连接处

和靠近绳卡的绳索。对于一层以上组成的绳索诸如非旋转钢丝绳，可能在钢丝绳的层与层之间老化，

所以要仔细和恰当地检查钢丝绳。若使用多层卷筒，不仅要检查经常使用的钢丝绳，而且要检查长

期卷在卷筒里面的钢丝绳。主臂和副臂处的挂索经常在远离吊车结构的地方。要仔细检查这些钢丝

绳，特别是在滑轮组里的钢丝绳。

9.2 HOOKS AND HOOK BLOCKS – The hook or hook block shall be capable of handling the load.

The hook shall not be loaded beyond its safe working load. To prevent displacement of the sling

or load, the hook should be provided with a safety catch or other effective device to minimize, as

far as its practicable, the risk of the sing or load becoming detached.

吊钩和吊钩滑轮 - 吊钩和吊钩滑轮必须能够承载负荷。不得让吊钩的承载力超过其安全工作负荷。

为了防止吊索或负荷的移动，吊钩必须配有安全搭扣或其它有效的防护装置，以尽可能防止吊索与

负荷脱钩。

The hook shall not be overcrowded. Where two or more slings are used, they should be attached

to a shackle, which is then placed on the hook. This prevents the danger of the hook being

strained owing to the spread of the slings and also the danger of a sling fouling the safety catch

or slipping over the point of the hook. All end links, rings or shackles shall ride freely on the hook.

吊钩内不能塞的太满。在使用 2 根以上吊索时，应将它们连接到卸扣上，再将卸扣放在吊钩内。这

能防止由于吊索分散而使吊钩过度受力，吊索缠结安全搭扣或从吊钩处滑出。所有的端部连接、吊

环或卸扣都应自由地挂在吊钩上。

When the crane is working with a single fall of rope and the load is set down, thus relieving the

tension in the hoist rope, the hook may spin. Personnel should always exercise care in

approaching the hook to disconnect the sling.

当吊车用单根吊索作业时负荷被设定，于是缓解了卷扬绳的张力，吊钩可以旋转。施工人员应小心

地接近吊钩以拆除吊索.

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